Innovation In the Emerging Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advancement In the Emerging Markets - Essay Example So, it’s simply something extravagant that can suit the flavor of certain individuals. On account of MAC 400, development even implied a lower sticker price since it sells at 33% of a cost of an ordinary ECG as revealed in an article in the Economist last 2010. Surely, constant advancement would absolutely usher better clinical items that are even convenient and give speedy conclusion of an ailment. Specialists can go to remote places and take care of poverty stricken patients who need a MRI utilizing MAC 400. Albeit enormous organizations are making progressively creative items to suit customer’s needs dependent on showcasing research, a more up to date type of development has been formed for as long as hardly any years. This development is a long ways from complex frameworks that sell for a large number of dollars; rather, the new pattern in advancement is outfitted towards tending to essential worries of humankind, for example, consumable drinking water. This kind of advancement is known as† turn around development â€Å"or† economical innovation†. The World Health Organization’s Millennium Development Goals for 2015 included giving consumable drinking water to 884 million individuals who despite everything rely upon dangerous water hotspots for their drinking, cooking and sanitation.

Design of Hybrid Filter With Wavelet Denoising

Plan of Hybrid Filter With Wavelet Denoising Simranjit Kaur Plan OF HYBRID FILTER WITH WAVELET DENOISING AND ANISOTROPIC DIFFUSION FILTER FOR IMAGE DESPECKLING 1. Presentation Advanced pictures are pictures which are shaped of picture components additionally named as pixels. The pixels regularly are orchestrated in a rectangular cluster. The components of the pixel exhibit decide its size. Its width is characterized by the quantity of segments, and tallness by the quantity of lines in that cluster. Advanced pictures are powerless to different kinds of noise.Speckleis a type of commotion which exists in and diminishes the nature of the activeâ radarâ andâ synthetic gap radar (SAR) pictures. Picture denoising is a fundamental undertaking in picture handling, both as a segment in different procedures and as a procedure itself. Different techniques are there to denoise the picture. A decent picture denoising model jelly edges, while evacuating clamor. In the event that the window size is very enormous, at that point the over smoothing will happen and edges become obscure out. On the off chance that the size of window is little, at that point the smoothing property of the window diminishes and doesn’t evacuate the spot commotion that productively. Besides, in the customary channels there is no upgrade of edges. Thirdly these current channels are non directional. At last, the edges which are utilized in the current channels, despite the fact that are roused by factual contentions, they are specially appointed upgrades which just showcase the disadvantages of the window-based methodology. In this way, inorder to lighten this issue, cross breed channel with Wavelet denoising and anisotropic dispersion channel, has been proposed. In this model, we deal with the disadvantages of the past models, for example, oversmoothing of the pictures and unnecessaryremoval of the edges. 1.1 SCOPE OF STUDY The extent of work for this model is finding an exact strategy for the improvement of a half breed despeckling model whose primary object is to save the edges of the picture and abstain from oversmoothing during denoising. We need to consider different past strategies and based on the investigation we will build up a model which defeats the imperfections of existing despeckling techniques while improving the quality parameters toward the finish of sifting process. 2. Destinations To diminish the spot commotion. To improve the parameters like pinnacle sign to commotion proportion, comparable no of looks and coefficient of connection. Tocreate a superior picture preparing calculation To explore the best possible determination of wavelet channels and thresholding plan which yields ideal visual upgrade of SAR pictures. Tocreate a superior picture preparing calculation for denoising procedure. To structure a cross breed channel from the two existing channels for evacuation of clamor in uniform areas from the picture. 3. BRIEF LITERATURE SURVEY As of not long ago, a few explores and contextual investigations have been accounted for about wavelet denoising . Yuan Gao and Zhengyao Bai [2] proposed a spot decrease strategy which depends on curvelet area in SAR pictures. In this method, curvelet change is mapped with wavelet separating. In the initial step, multiplicative commotion is changed over in to added substance clamor. Second step is to process the limit, by utilizing delicate and hard thresholding curvelet coefficients are thresholded. In conclusion, inverse CT and exponential change are applied to reproduce the first picture. This shows this strategy is better than other separating methods. S.Sudha et al. [3] proposed a device for commotion evacuation in ultrasound pictures. The examination shows that the proposed procedure gives preferred outcomes over other existing strategies. Manish Goyal and Gianetan Singh Sekhon [4] applied wavelet based half and half thresholding strategies: right off the bat applied the measurable strategy and afterward separating dependent on bayes limit. At that point results are determined which is trailed by applying delicate thresholding. The test results show that this channel gives better outcomes. Alka Vishwa, Shilpa Sharma [5] made a straightforward setting based model for the determination of edge inside a wavelet denoising model. Estimations of the nearby change with proper loads are utilized for thresholding. In spite of the fact that, it is seen that the denoised picture, during evacuation of a significant measure of clamor likewise endures for all intents and purposes hub degree in the sharpness and subtleties. The exploratory outcome shows this proposed strategy yields fundamentally improved visual quality and furthermore better PSNR in correlation with different procedures for the denoising. Rohit Verma,Jahid Ali [6] has examined various kinds of commotion that can sneak in picture during procurement. In the second area different separating strategies are introduced that can be utilized for denoising the computerized picture. Trial results found that the BM3D alongside middle channels gave better outcomes and the averaging and least channels played out the most noticeably awful. BM3D is best decision of expelling Salt and pepper commotion. In every single other case middle channel is viewed as increasingly appropriate. K.Bala Prakash ,R.Venu Babu and Venu Gopal [7] proposed another method which is autonomously select the channel for various sorts of pictures. In this method another autonomous channel will naturally check which channel gives better outcomes in pictures,. The outcomes are figured utilizing various parameters. The exploratory outcomes shows that proposed method gives preferable outcomes over different procedures. Mashaly et al. [8] presented another strategy which depends on morphological tasks. In this paper Synthetic gap radar pictures are utilized. In this morphological tasks are applied to expel the dot commotion decrease and the outcomes are contrasted and diverse separating methods, for example, versatile and non versatile channels. Adib Akl and Charles Yaacoub [9] proposed a strategy for picture denoising that utilizes wavelet denoising and a versatile type of the Kuan channel that outcomes in a huge evacuation of spot commotion. The outcomes are tried in regard of the pinnacle sign to commotion proportion, comparable no of looks and coefficient of connection. Udomhunskal and Wongsita [10] introduced a strategy for Ultrasonicspeckledenoisingusingthe cross breed method which depends on wavelet change and wiener channel to lessen thespecklenoisewhile protecting the subtleties. In this strategy, right off the bat apply the 2D discrete wavelet change for the uproarious picture. At that point, the wiener channel isapplied to each detail subband. The outcomes found that this strategy expels the ultrasonicspeckle all the more proficiently. 4. Holes IN STUDY 5. Issue FORMULATION The fundamental thought of this model is the estimation of the uncorrupted picture from the uproarious picture or contorted picture known as â€Å"image denoising†. To evacuate uproarious mutilations, there are different strategies to help reestablish a picture. Picking the best technique assumes a significant job for getting the ideal picture. There are different existing strategies to expel the Speckle Noise Reduction yet because of certain downsides these methods can't evacuate Speckle Noise proficiently. The significant downsides of the current channels are: The versatile channels like Lee channel, Kuan channel and Frost channel can't play out a full expulsion of Speckle without losing any edges since they depend on nearby measurable information and this Statistical information identified with the separated pixel worth and this information relies on the channel window over a region. As these current channels are a lot of touchy to the Window Shape and Window Size. In the event that the Window Shape is a lot of bigger than over smoothing will happens. As window size is littler than the Smoothing Capability of the Window will diminish. Along these lines, to beat these restrictions we proposed another half and half method that consolidates Wavelet based denoising and anisotropic dissemination channel. As Wavelet is Frame based Approach, it doesn't reliant on Space or Time. Wavelet additionally gives better Resolution. In Anisotropic dissemination channel, it depends on fractional differential condition. It doesn't relies on the window size in any case, on Mean Square Error approach. So it gives better separating ability and improves the edges. By applying these procedures the proficiency of the framework is expanded and commotion is decreased to the more prominent degree. 6.METHODOLOGY Wavelet denoising is a cutting edge way to deal with denoising which did not depend on neighborhood measurable information. The wavelet denoising is an edge based methodology. In this methodology, a wavelet change is applied on the picture, trailed by thresholding strategy. At long last, a backwards wavelet change is applied to the picture for stretching the picture segments after they were decreased during wavelet deterioration. A spotted picture can be communicated as k=m*n Where m is the first picture and the n is clamor with mean and obscure fluctuation. The accompanying outline clarifies the DWT-denoising.Wavelet-based denoising comprises of: Applying the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to the uproarious picture k, Thresholding the detail coefficients, and At long last applying reverse discrete wavelet change (IDWT) strategy on the edge coefficients to acquire an estimation of the first picture kas appeared in Figure1. Figure1. Square graph of wavelet denoising Theimage k is embedded in the channel in the logarithmic structure for example k=m+n. After wavelet change W is applied, it results in W(k). W(k) experiences the thresholding procedure which results in T(W(k)) which is spoken to asfwin the figure 1.Finally, the de-spotted picture is extricated utilizing the converse change W-1. Anisotropic dissemination channel: In anisotropic dissemination the fundamental technique is to smoothen inside the district in inclination to the smoothening over the edges. Without predisposition because of the channel window shape and size the halfway differential condition based evacuation approach permits the age of picture scales comprising of set of separated picture. In this way, anisotropic dispersion is versatile and doesn't use the hard edges to modify execution in homogeneous regions or in district close to edges and little accomplishment

Performance management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Execution the board - Assignment Example The last advance is have them conceptualize on the most proficient method to have great relational associations with representatives which is probably going to help in settling undesirable conduct issues in the work environment. As per Janakiram and Vijay it is simpler to tackle issues when there is a constructive relational connection between the administration and staff individuals (p.226). There are three rules that I would use to prepare the directors. They incorporate creating of good relational associations with subordinates, building up a normal plan for taking care of errant representatives and imparting successfully. Note that one of the best methods for taking care of workers with undesirable conduct is guiding (Janakiram and Vijay 227). Growing great relational connection among subordinates and supervisors would be conceivable in the event that they got guiding. During advising, individuals bond with one another which is one of the manners in which that persuade workers to feel associated with an association. As indicated by Carr and Nanni, savvy directors as a rule realize that it is imperative to have a persuaded workforce (p. 3). By utilizing such logical procedures, I will be in a superior situation to decide the practices that he supervisory crew ought to unequivocally target and support among the representatives. The other rule is to build up an ordinary plan where it is anything but difficult to deal with errant representatives. This would be made conceivable by giving composed, notice letters to workers who show undesirable conduct. Cautioning letters would be a decent route for administrators to report the training estimates that they have made to better their employees’ conduct. On the off chance that this procedure doesn't work, giving a last admonition letter to representatives who rehash the undesirable conduct constantly. Ultimately, the other rule I would use to prepare the administrators is urge them to impart successfully between one another or among them and the workers. Great correspondence in an association is

5 Scary Grammar Rules to Watch Out for on the SAT or ACT

Watch Out for These Tricky Grammar Rules When Taking the SAT or ACT When it comes to editing, taking a moment to reflect on how something sounds can help you troubleshoot some common errors. Unfortunately, not every grammar question can be solved simply by sounding it out; there are some sentences that may sound â€Å"right†, but fall short when it comes to proper grammar. If you are planning on taking the SAT or ACT, it’s important that your understanding of grammar is up to par. Keep reading to learn more about five grammar rules that are so easy to miss, they almost seem scary. The Dangling Modifier The dangling modifier is a prime example of a sneaky grammar rule. The phrase refers to a sentence in which a clause meant to modify a person or thing doing the action (the subject) is actually describing something else. The word dangling is used to connote the description’s distance from the subject itself. Wrong: Despite feeling fine, the nurse insisted that Jane stay in the hospital overnight.Right: Despite feeling fine, Jane was required to stay in the hospital overnight. Fewer vs. LessDetermining when to use fewer and when to use less requires a little thinking. For countable nouns, or objects that can be quantified, the correct choice is fewer while less is the go-to option for things that cannot be counted. There are two important exceptions to this rule: time and money. For example, â€Å"I have less time for my hobbies now that I’m working full time†, or â€Å"I make less money than I used to, but I love my new job†. Wrong: There are less students in my English class than in my biology class.Right: There are fewer students in my English class than in my biology class. ApostrophesApostrophes may be a small punctuation mark, but they can change the meaning of a sentence in a big way. Remember that they are used to show possession or create a contraction and that they should never be used before an ‘s’ to pluralize a noun. In order to show possession, an apostrophe is placed after a noun to indicate that something belongs to someone or something else. Take extra caution when using apostrophes in two contraction words, â€Å"it’s† and â€Å"who’s†. Both of these words sound the same as other words (respectively its and whose), but have different meanings. Wrong: I always have soccer practice on Wednesday’s and Friday’s.Right: I always have soccer practice on Wednesdays and Fridays. Affect vs. EffectThe difference between these two words can be confusing to many people, but knowing which one to use is actually simple. Affect is a verb, something that someone does, while effect is a noun, or an actual thing. Wrong: Caffeine barely effects me. I can drink lots of coffee and not feel any different.Right: Caffeine barely affects me. I can drink lots of coffee and not feel any different. Parallel structuresParallelism refers to the idea that all items in a list should be in the same form, such as activities that end in ‘ing’. While there might not be anything technically wrong with sentences without parallel structures, those that follow this rule often sound much better. Wrong: In the summer, I like hiking, swimming, and to go to the beach.Right: In the summer, I like hiking, swimming, and going to the beach. By learning more about these five easy-to-miss rules, answering tricky grammar questions on the ACT or SAT will become manageable, not scary. If you are looking for extra guidance throughout your test preparation process, our team of expert tutors can guide you in the right direction.

Mobile Phone Innovation Essay

Mobile Phone Innovation Essay Introduction Innovation and creativity have played a very important role to the development of technology. The two have mostly had a very close link with human life. Creativity has been serving as a very significant survival skill beginning from the time human beings came in to existence. It has helped human beings to move beyond what worked in the past in each and every undertaking, and discovering fresh approaches. More recently, there have been significant changes in the global economy, which make it completely vital for any country to make its technological competitiveness to be sharper, and this is a direct product of the nation’s innovative ability. At the present day, there is representation of the scenario by the phenomena such as the improved occurrence of innovations, making techno-economic life cycles shorter, swift creation and commercialization of the upcoming technologies, transnationals globalization, â€Å"strategic alliancing of large firms, intensive RD programs, difficu lty in accessing critical technologies, large multi-country RD projects, large countries being threatened by newly industrialized countries and such others, in each of which overriding influence has been that of innovation† (Bhat, n.d, p.1). In essence, innovation and creativity have enabled human beings to come up with solutions to the problems that arise or to deal with the necessities facing them. Over time, there has been advancement in technology and this has come up as a result of making appropriate efforts to be creative and innovative. t the present, one of the most important innovations that have been made is the invention and development of the mobile phone. Long time before human beings came to know mobile phones, they communicated using smoke. Few years later, the bird was invented as being a communication messenger (Catung.com, 2011). Taking the case in China, there was invention of paper and ink which enabled people to write messages and pass them to others. In the current times, people are familiar with the mobile phone. They are making use of it as being a medium of communication. This device is supported by the internet network. Through the use of the internet network, one is able to communicate with other people across the world (Catung.com, 2011). The focus of this paper is to look at the mobile phone as being one of the most important innovations that has been made in the human history. The Global Picture of the Mobile Phone The mobile phones are currently the dominant technology which the youths define themselves with. The kind of phone one carries and the way the phone is customized says a lot about who one is (The Economist, 2008). The mobile phone is currently not just a â€Å"must have’† device in the developed countries. In the established market, the uptake has approached a â€Å"saturation point† and as per 2004, there were about 51 million users in the United Kingdom (Banks Burge, 2004). As on one hand the demand for these phones tends to be â€Å"unquenchable†, on the other hand, it is after all just a technology. At all times, there will be more pressing needs. However, it is a technology which has the prospect to bring in a positive impact in the human lives (Aurigi, 2006). The innovation rate in the mobile phone industry is quite unique and this is in regard to the handset innovation as well as the range of services that are offered. In the course of the past few years, the mobile phone has turned out to the main information communication device â€Å"spurred on by the earlier introduction of text messaging and the more recent mobile internet services (Wireless Application Protocol, WAP)† (Banks Burge, 2004, p.9). During the initial years of its invention, there was over-hyping of WAP and its promotion was poor to doubtful public and this resulted in disappointing the public. However, in the more recent times, as pointed out by Banks Burge (2004), â€Å"the introduction on some phones of color screens, polyphonic sounds, build-in cameras, and innovative operating systems enabled WAP-related services to come of age, and servcies such as Vodafone live are a testament to how far things have come† (Banks Burge, 2004, p.9). Having innovation racing ahead in the developed countries, there is a threat of the developing nations being left behind, technologically. The suitably titled â€Å"digital divide† â€Å"was already an issue, with emphasis on access to telephones, computers and the internet† (Banks Burge, 2004, p.10). For a number of reasons, the mobile phones have been in a position to â€Å"leapfrog† some obstacles, and following this, they have gotten themselves at the front position of the â€Å"digital divide† debate (Banks Burge, 2004). Individuals in some of the poor nations in the world are now accessible to the mobile phones. Banks Burge (2004) points out that â€Å"addressing their specific needs, and supporting and encouraging the use of mobile technology as a force for positive social and environmental change presents the industry with unique challenges and opportunities† (Banks Burge, 2004,p.10). Developed world perspective The mobile phone has turned out to be an integral part of the people’s daily life. In a large number of countries, over a half the population has mobile phones and in some of the developing countries, these phones are mostly the only means of telecommunication of the people (Vodafone, 2005). Other than the questions that have not yet been answered that relate to health, the positive utilization of the mobile phones rests greatly in our hands, those of the government, when it comes to the safety regulations as well as the environmental issues, it rests in the hands of operators who can take the necessary measures to make sure there is smooth integration of the technology in to the society in regard to equipment design as well as aesthetics, and through measures that assist in the training of people in the mobile phone etiquette; in employers’ hands who can make necessary efforts to make sure that the employees that have the corporate mobiles are not abused; and eventuall y, in the hands of the users, who are supposed to develop a higher level of knowledge and work in order to make sure that their use of the mobile phones does not impact them in a negative way; impacting their lives as well as those people around them (International Telecommunications Union, 2004). It is of very great significance to have recognition that the mobile phone innovations in the United Kingdom â€Å"in support of developmental, environmental and conservation needs could easily be adapted in the rest of the world† (Banks Burge, 2004, p.10). In Europe, projects have been set up, that make use of mobile phone technology in order to support the environmental activities as well as socio-economic development. These encompass passing over data to the doctors in order to make it possible to have remote diagnosis and offer patient support and farmers being in a position to engage in the updating of livestock databases through GPRS on the mobile handset among other initiatives. By getting knowledge from these initiatives, there can be transferring of knowledge countries and be adapted in line with the specific needs and context and skills to the developing. Such kind of learning as well as innovation calls for the need to have resources and much commitment. The â€Å"Vodafone Group Foundation† has offered both of them, giving out a grant to FFI to engage in research project development in to the way â€Å"mobile technology can support international conservation and sustainable development efforts† (Banks Burge, 2004, p.11). It is a good indication that there are some mobile operators in Europe who have engaged in the publishing of the ‘Corporate Environmental and Social Responsibilities policies. This, with no doubt, is a good business practice and it as well serves to open up the opportunity for organizations like FFI to engage in the piloting and developing of applications for the conservation projects. Moreover, the CESR statements as well as activities of corporations are supposed to be monitored on a continual basis and there should be evaluation of their impact and improvement of their effectiveness. The big challenge will be to implement the newly developed policies. Developing World Perspective The unquenchable appetite for mobile phones of the African people has made Africa to be actually a profitable market for the â€Å"high-tech gadgets† which were introduced just less than twenty years ago. Since then, â€Å"the sales figures have masked a larger social story: how the proliferation of cell phones is changing Africans’ relationships with one another’ (Klonner Nolen, 2008, p15). The expansion of the mobile phone industry in such a country as Cameroon is being choked by costly mobile phone handsets, with a motorbike being less costly than a mobile phone. â€Å"Cameroonians are keen to be part of the world by using cellular telephones†¦cell phone manufacturers and network operators themselves are best placed to change this dire situation, but they seem unaware or uninterested in solving the problem† (Banks Burge, 2004, p.5). In a different way from other high-tech gadgets, the mobile phones are getting an easily accessible market in the developing nations. In these nations, there is a quite high demand, even if this industry is relatively a new one; the service providers in the industry seem to be highly profitable, especially operationally. Having some operators being in a position of making a profit within a few months of being in operation, there has recently been a scramble or partners and licenses (Banks Burge, 2004). Basing on history, the main reason why there has been a low uptake of a large number of ICTs in the developing nations lies in the cost of the equipment and also in the absence of the supporting infrastructure. In addition, the logistical problem, the great distances involved and lack of money and political will, have implied that expanding fixed line networks has moved at a very slow pace, and in some cases, it has not even been there. However, on the other hand, in considering the mobile phone technology, the implementation of this can be carried out without running the cables over long distances, and in most cases, the solar energy is always there as an alternative source of energy. Basing on such factors, together with the high demand, the opening up of the market (telecommunications), the readiness of the network operators to engage in the expansion of the coming up markets and relative easiness of implementing the network have caused the mobile phone to be the preferred communi cation method among people in the developing nations (Donner, 2008). Certainly, mobile phone technology uptake in particular cases has been overwhelming. Taking the case in Swaziland, the number of those people using the mobile phone overtook that of the fixed line subscribers in a period of within just two years (Banks Burge, 2004). The mobile phone servces like SMS have been seen to be popular among people in such places as the Philippines and in Bangladesh, by using the mobile phones, some villages have been connected to a modern communication network. Among the development practitioners, there are those who have been surprised following the idea that they initially thought that the mobile phone was a luxury good that could only be used by people in the developed countries and thus was not suitable for those who are in the developing nations. Considering the case in Africa, the demand by people for connectivity has been extraordinary. According to Banks Burge (2004), â€Å"the boom in mobile phone usage has largely been facilitated by the availability of cheap-pay-as-you-go SIM cards and recycled handsets, which has allowed even the poorest members of society to make and receive calls† (Banks Burge, 2004,p.12). The mobile phones as well as other wireless technologies have turned out to be the preferred communication medium options (International Telecommunication Union, 2003). The impact has also even been felt in the rural areas. It has been pointed out that the farmers in the rural areas are making use of the mobile phones to make sure they get the best prices for their farm produce, the small scale entrepreneurs are making use of the mobile to contact their customers and grandparents are able to communicate with their grandchildren as well as their children who are hundreds of kilometers away using the mobile phones (International Telecommunication Union, 2003). The positive impact of mobile phones can be felt when carrying out a comparison of what used to happen in the past and what is happening now. For instance, at the present, a farmer who may have maize and wants to sell can be able to communicate with the buyer using the mobile phone before delivering the goods to him. He can be able to confirm the price and the quantity that can be demanded. However, in the past, the farmer could just transport his commodities to the market without even being sure of getting the buyer who could buy at a favorable price. It is clear that there has been a high level of eagerness to have mobile phones by people in a large number of the developing nations, just in the same way there has been enthusiasm among those people who are in the developed countries, although for different reasons. In the African case, the use of mobile phone is partially attributed to their traditional culture. Taking the case in Nigeria, the average mobile phone, on a weekly basis, is used for two hundred minutes but in the United Kingdom, it is one hundred and twenty minutes (Banks Burge, 2004). But such higher usage may as well be attributed to such other factors as the absence of the landline facilities and emails, large family sizes as well as social networks. Whereas oral communication may be well-liked by people, the high illiteracy levels in some poor nations may cancel out people’s ability to use mobile phones for other functions like reading SMSs. In spite of all these, the mobile phone networks may not, at all time be cheap or flexible like other technologies. In some particular cases, like in Cameroon, the costs of the new mobile phone handsets can really prove to be a big obstacle. In addition, the mobile coverage can sometimes not be uniform. The mobile phone operators may start by concentrating their coverage in the large cities and gradually expand to the interior or rural areas while the markets mature. In the actual sense, though, a large number of Africans are using mobile phones to make calls. There is widening of the mobile phone coverage and the number of handsets is increasing and turning out to be available to the markets in the developing nations. Mobile Phone Coverage in Africa In the year 1999, the mobile phone coverage in Africa was 10 percent of the continent’s population and basically in the Northern Africa and South Africa (Aker Mbiti, 2010). By the year 2008, the percentage had risen to about 60 of the total population consisting of 477 million people having mobile phone coverage and the total area having 11.2 KM2 with mobile phone service. It is projected that by the year 2012, â€Å"most villages in Africa will have coverage, with only a handful of countries – Guinea Bissau, Ethiopia, Mali and Somalia – relatively unconnected† (Aker Mbiti, 2010, p.4). Large disparities have existed in the â€Å"geographic rollout† in this coverage â€Å"prompting concerns over an intra-African digital divide’ (International Telecommunications Union, 2008, p.5). By the year 1999, as mentioned earlier, a larger number of the African nations did not have mobile coverage and they were only such countries as Senegal, Morocco and Egypt in the North that were covered and also South Africa. By the year 2008, the coverage had increased substantially to about 65 percent of the African total population. At that point the percentage coverage in the northern region was 93 and 60 percent in the sub-Saharan Africa. In overall terms, the growth of the mobile phone coverage has been at the lowest point in such countries as Somalia, Ethiopia and Central and West African countries. Whereas the telecommunication industry in the developed world consisting of the European countries, the U.S and Canada carried out investment in the landlines before shifting to investing in the mobile phone networks, â€Å"the mobile phone has effectively leapfrogged the landline in Africa† (Aker Mbiti, 2010, p.4). Landlines are found to be more expensive because they involve installation of wires on every road in order to reach various places and households. But on the other hand, the mobile phone coverage in African nations is basically offered through a network of special base stations that can offer service within a radius of about 10 kilometers. Factors That Determine the Spread of Mobile Phone Coverage The expansion of the mobile phone coverage in Africa has given an indication of a powerful positive correlation with the population density. However, other factors also count. Buys, Dasgupta, Thomas, Wheeler (2009), found out that the probability of having a mobile phone tower in a certain area is strongly and positively correlated to possible demand factors and such factors include the per capita income, the population density and also the mobile phone industry competitiveness in the nation. These researchers found out this by using the â€Å"spatially disaggregated dataset† of the mobile phone coverage as well as the geographic characteristics. These researchers also found out that â€Å"factors associated with higher costs – namely, higher elevation, steeper slopes, and distance from a main road and major urban centers are negatively associated with mobile phone coverage† (Buys, Dasgupta, Thomas, Wheeler, 2009, p.17). Basing on empirical evidence, it is sug gested that these factors, in part, give an explanation of the rollout of mobile phone service in the countries as well, but rely on topographical features of a certain nation. Adopting Mobile phones In Africa, the mobile phone subscriptions have gone up to 376 million as per the year 2008 from 16 million in the year 2000. However, there is a possibility for these figures to have been overestimated and this is for the reason that people may possess several handsets or may have several SIM cards. On the other hand, the figure may have been underestimated because sharing of mobile phones is a practice that is widespread in Africa. The rise in the number of the mobile phone subscribers is something that is quite amazing, putting it in to consideration that the poverty prevalence is very high in Africa. In Africa, it is estimated that about three hundred million people are characterized as being poor and survive on less than a dollar per day and among these people, one hundred million are categorized as being ultra-poor and they survive on less than a half a dollar per day (IFPRI, 2007). Considering the price of the cheapest mobile phone in Kenya, this costs almost a half of the average monthly pay and in Nigeria, the cheapest phone costs 12.5 kilograms of millet, â€Å"enough to feed a household of five for five days† (Aker Mbiti, 2010, p.6). Conclusion Innovation has greatly contributed to the advancement of technology. By people being creative and innovative they have been able to come up with solutions to various problems facing them. A large number of innovations have been made in the human history. There has been the invention of motor vehicles which, through people’s innovative power, has been developed over time. At some point, an airplane was invention, and there was invention of the computer just but to name a few. All these innovations have been intended to make the human life better. The invention of the mobile phone is considered to be one of the most important inventions that have been done in human history during our days. The mobile phone has played a very big role of bringing people closer to each other even if they might be thousands of kilometers apart. This technology is a unique one and, unlike most of the other new technologies, one does not need to be literate for him or her to use it. Apart from using the mobile phone for talking directly with other people, this device enables one to access other services such as text messaging, and accessing internet servcies, listening to music, taking photographs among other functions. In the developed countries, the mobile phone is used for even more advanced functions. For instance, in the U.K, the mobile phone innovations is used in support of developmental, environmental and conservation needs and this is expected to be taken up even in the developing world. In the European countries, there has been setting up of projects which utilize mobile phone technology in order to support the environmental activities as well as socio-economic development. These encompass passing over data to the doctors in order to make it possible to have remote diagnosis and offer patient support. More so, farmers are in a position to engage in the updating of livestock databases through GPRS on the mobile handset among other initiatives. By getting knowledge from these initiatives, there can be transferring of knowledge and skills to the developing countries and be adapted in line with the specific needs and context. After realizing the importance of mobile phones, it is very surprising that poor countries have adopted this device at a very rapid rate. Despite the fact that the developing countries such as those that are in the Africa continent are poor and most of the people in the sub-Saharan Africa live on less than a dollar or even less than a half a dollar per day, this has not prevented them from buying the mobile phones and using them. It has also been realized that the spread of landlines in the developing countries went at a slower pace as compared to the spread of mobile phones. This is because the landlines involve installing posts along the roads to reach various parts of the country making it costly and time consuming. But considering mobile phones, their coverage in the developing countries is fundamentally offered through a network of special base stations that can offer service within a radius of approximately 10 kilometers. To sum up, the innovation of a mobile phone and the development of new features on this device as time has been going by is seen to be a very important innovation of our time. It has contributed to the improvement of human life is all aspects; physically, socially, and economically among other aspects. References Aker, C. J. Mbiti, M. I., (2010). Mobile phones and economic development in Africa. Retrieved on 18 October 2011 from http://businessinnovation.berkeley.edu/Mobile_Impact/Aker-Mbiti_mobile_phones_Africa.pdf Aurigi, A. (2006). New Technologies, Same Dilemmas: Policy and Design Issues for the Augmented City. In Journal of Urban Technology, 13 (3),5-28. Banks, K Burge, R. (2004). Mobile Phones: An Appropriate Tool For Conservation And Development? Cambridge :Fauna Flora International. Bhat, J. S. (n.d). Managing is innovation – integrating technology, market and organizational change. Retrieved on 18 October 2011 from, http://www.business-asia.net/UploadedFiles/ApcttDocuments/Bath.pdf Buys, P., Dasgupta, S. Thomas, S. Wheeler, D. (2009). Determinants of a Digital Divide in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Spatial Econometric Analysis of Cell Phone Coverage. World Development. 37(9), 15 28. Catung.com, (2011). The advanced technology of gadget to make to make human life easier. Retrieved on 18 October 2011 from, http://catung.com/the-advanced-technology-of-gadget-to-make-human-life-become-easier/. Donner, J. (2008). Research Approaches to Mobile Use in the Developing World: A Review of the Literature. Abingdon: Taylor Francis. The Economist. (2008). Halfway There: How to promote the spread of mobile phones among the worlds poorest. May 29, 2008 Klonner, S. Nolen, P. (2008). Does ICT Benefit the Poor? Evidence from South Africa. Unpublished mimeo. IFPRI. (2007). The World’s Most Deprived: Characteristics and Causes of Extreme Poverty and Hunger. 2020 Discussion Paper No. 43. Washington, D.C: IFPRI International Telecommunication Union. (2008). World Telecommunication Indicators Database. Geneva: International Telecommunications Union. International Telecommunication Union. (2004). Basic course on Emergency Telecommunications. Geneva: ITU. Retrieved on 18 October 2011 from, http://www.itu.int/ITU/youth/emergency_telecommunications/basic_course/menu.exe International Telecommunication Union. (2003). Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2003: Promoting Universal Access to ICTs – Practical Tools for Regulators. Geneva: International Telecommunications Union. Safaricom. (2009). Industry Update. Retrieved on 18 October 2011 from, http://www.safaricom.co.ke/fileadmin/template/main/downloads/investor_relations_pdf/Industry%20Update%20120309.pdf. Vodafone. (2005). Africa: The Economic Impact of Mobile Phones. Vodafone Policy Paper Series, Number 3, Retrieved on 18 October 2011 from, http://www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/attachments/cr_downloads.Par.78351.File.tmp/GPP_SIM_paper_3.pdf

Police Stations Are The Same - 908 Words

Not all police stations are the same. Each police station has a different way of dealing with criminals and incidents in each state. There are a lot of aspects that make up a police station especially the San Diego Police Department. It ranges from officers to procedures to Vehicles. Some of these things are The Geographic size of patrol areas/population size, types of vehicles, the number of officers on patrol, arrest procedures, organizational structure, jail and detention, investigation units and methods. There are Twenty police stations in San Diego and they patrol a total of 329.6 Square miles. The San Diego police departments divide the 329.6 square miles into nine divisions. The Central, Eastern, Mid-City, Northern,†¦show more content†¦There are this many officers on patrol because they have to patrol 3329.6 square miles and protect 1.356 million people. When Officers go on patrol, each car consists of two officers, also known as the buddy system. The San Diego police department arrest procedures are quite unique. Police officials are authorized to arrest people without a warrant whenever the officer has reasonable cause to believe that a person has committed a violation of the Municipal code. Officers only arrest a person by issuing a misdemeanor field citation. When an officer has a believable reason for a person to be arrested that has committed a crime or public/private offense, they do not demand to be taken before a magistrate, they can be released according to the procedures set forth. The San Diego police depart organization structure is the same as other police stations. At the top of the structure is the Chief of Police. Next is the Executive Assistant Chief Department Operations. They are in charge of the wellness unit, internal affairs, media and the Chief’s Office of administration. The third tier is Patrol Operations, Neighborhood Policing, Centralized Investigation, and Special operations. 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Richard The Iii Essay Example For Students

Richard The Iii Essay INTRODUCTIONThomas More’s sainthood has been under great controversy even after a century of his death. It was not until 1866 that he was declared a saint. This declaration came about after many debates and votes of acceptance both by the people and by the church. While the English Church was still bound by King Henry VIII’s Supremacy Act, Thomas More was rumored to have been a deceitful character of the court. He was declared unorthodox who went against the Church (Roper, 1935). He was also said to have gone against the doctrines of the church because he went against the King of England. In modern times the portrayal of, partially, Richard the III and Thomas More is seen to be compassionate and kind to their people. In many historical books, such as Shakespeare, Richard III was portrayed as evil and cruel. This paper hopes to show both Thomas More and Richard the III’s characters through the space of time, and why the people’s opinion changed towards them. THOMAS MORE IN MAN OF ALL SEASONS Thomas More in Robert Bolt’s book A man for All Seasons is shown as a devoted family man, a supporter of the Catholic Church, and scholar. He is also shown to be a strong man of conscience who cannot compromise his faith even to save his life. In Robert Bolt’s play Henry the VIII is the King who wanted to divorce his wife to marry someone else. At the time the Church did not allow divorces, Henry decided to assign himself as the Supreme order, overriding the Pope. To More what the king was doing was terrible and against Christian Doctrines. He declared t hat it was against the ethics of the church and will not swear the Supremacy Act:Im not God. The currents and eddies of right and wrong, which youfind such plain sailing, I cant navigate. Im no voyager. But in the thickets of the law, oh, there Im a forester. I doubt if theres a man alive who could follow me there, thank God. To keep himself out of trouble, he decided to keep his mouth shut on the matter. Morally, he was obligated to protect his friend and King for he was the chancellor of the court. Religiously he had a duty to God which he could not deny. He did not want to go against God’s rules; therefore, he chose the middle course. Despite all of this, he was prosecuted and killed. MORE’S RELIGIOUS BELIEFS There seems to be little doubt that More did consider at one point becoming a priest. In this play More says, â€Å"God’s my godBut I find him rather too subtle. I don’t know where He is or what He wants.† When his sentence was read out, Mo re spoke freely and revealed that he was totally unable to see the sense of the oath of supremacy. â€Å"I am able to produce against one bishop which you can produce, a hundred holy and Catholic bishops for my opinion; and against one realm, the consent of Christendom for a thousand years.† (Bolt, 63) This conflict with the Church, and his feelings towards the holy bishop shows that he was attached to his beliefs. Perhaps the contradiction between the two great men (Richard and More) originated within the church. By not obeying King Henry, he also fell from the king’s list of good men. This only made is powerful position is society decrease. Despite all this, he did not allow himself to swear to an oath of allegiance to the king making him the Supreme authority. It also shows that morally, as well as ethically, More was a strict follower of the Christian doctrines. When he was convicted on the basis of perjury, he again did not back away from his original beliefs till the day he was beheaded. More’s UtopiaIn 1515, Thomas More published Utopia, in which he theorized about the perfect world. In Utopia, More foresaw cities of 100,000 inhabitants as being ideal. In his Utopia, there was no money, just a monthly market where citizens bartered for what they needed. Persons engaged to each other were allowed to see each other naked before marriage so that they would know if the other was â€Å"deformed.† This deformity seems to have a direct reference to Richard III who is famously thought of as a deformed figure. .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90 , .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90 .postImageUrl , .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90 , .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90:hover , .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90:visited , .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90:active { border:0!important; } .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90:active , .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90 .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf20231c6af343e6e164267b71163ad90:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Many Pages is 750 Words?In Utopia, Thomas More imagined the perfect state in which social life was governed by reason and equality unlike the conditions in Europe where it had been dominated by greed. More did not intend us to live in Utopia so much as he wanted us to reflect on it. It is difficult to believe that the author of Utopia was the same man who in the mid-1520s personally broke into Lutherans homes and sent men to the stake (Snider). Thomas More, given Sainthood after 400 yearsSaints are persons who are able to be in direct contact with God at least in moments of intense concentration. There are different approaches to judge who is a saint. Most saints known have been officially moved into sainthood by the Roman Catholic Church, which has a very long and complicated process of declaring someone a saint. Thomas More also struggled for many years until he achieved perfect devotion. (Sykes)Thomas More is the complete English saint. He is seen as a Catholic martyr, but he is also seen as a lawyer-layman who nobly gave his head to forces beyond his control (Roper). As Thomas More died believing in God and in the authority of the pope and the Catholic Church, he was awarded Sainthood. RICHARD THE III AS IN SHAKESPEARE’S PLAYDespite the fact that he only ruled for two years, Richard III is one of the best-known kings in history. Because of their treatment of Richard III, scholars are constantly trying to frame a portrait of the real Richard. Despite the false claims about Richard, he is still alive and well in the hearts and minds of many historians. The debate over whether he was a good man or a bad man continues to rage. Like all men, Richard the III had his faults, but unlike most men, his faults were available to all those that chose to focus on them (Cassidy). Shakespeare, who is by far the person most responsible for Richard’s reputation, felt no need to research the period about which he was writing. Shakespeare’s Richard III with all his deformities, both of body and mind, stands as a physical manifestation of the evil, corrupt state of the English monarchy (Washington Weekly). RICHARD III AS IN DAUGHTER OF TIME BY JOSEPHINE TEYThe mystery of Richard III prompted Tey to write The Daughter of Time. It is a compelling version of the story of Richard III. Teys book was pro-Richard bias; although not entirely accurate. This made the book good because it brought out a different view of Richard. None of the things in this book prove that Richard III was guilty, any more than the opposite proves his innocence. Rather, Josephine Tey portrays him to be wise and a generally good man. â€Å"Its an odd thing but when you tell someone the true facts of a mythical tale they are indignant, not with the teller but with you. They dont want to have their ideas upset. It rouses some vague uneasiness in them, I think, and they resent it. So they reject it and refuse to think about it. If they were merely indifferent it would be natural and understandable. But it is much stronger than that, much more positive. They are annoyed. Very odd, isnt it? Letter from Laura to Alan Gra nt in MODERN DAY RICHARD When speaking of Richard III, one must remember that this is Shakespeare’s history, because Richard III is more Shakespeare’s creation than a true historical figure. There are many different versions of Richard III, and while Shakespeares may be the most enduring, it is not the most factual. â€Å"One must separate Shakespeare’s dramatic characterization of Richard III from the historical English king whose controversial life and reign have sustained a 500 year debate.† (Lakowski, 93)There are two sides to the debate over Richard in modern times. The people for Richard say that he can best be described using his motto, â€Å"Loyalty Binds Me.† His supporters do, however, realize his faults and say he was a man put into a position he could not handle. The people against Richard, on the other hand, paint a very different image of Richard. They have the Tudor image of him. For them, Richard is an evil man, â€Å"who is the pe rsonification of a man of evil vengeance† (Roper). .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624 , .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624 .postImageUrl , .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624 , .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624:hover , .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624:visited , .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624:active { border:0!important; } .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624:active , .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624 .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u326c2b8371bb8b59dd71924bf3516624:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Privacy and Information Technology EssayCONCLUSIONPeople’s opinion of Thomas More did not change due to his portrayal by many contemporary historians, unlike Richard the III. In fact there is plenty of evidence to show that he was a true saint who deserved his title. Richard’s character is still doubtful, because there was no one who would vouch for him. For Shakespeare, drama was art, a representation of reality, not reality itself, even if the plot was based on history. Though it may never be known who the real Richard was, no Richard has had so much imagination as much as the character created by Shakespeare. It has been admitted that Shakespeare owed his representation of Richard III to St. Thomas More, and that although More tended toward exaggeration, Shakespeare took it a step further. In A Man for All Seasons, Thomas More is shown to be in direct conflict to Shakespeare’s portrayal of Richard the Third. There are no right or wrong answers to what More did. What is right for More isn’t necessarily right for everyone else. The point, ultimately, is to obey your conscience. English Essays